2^nd International Congress on Neurology 2021 September 28-29, 2021 Auckland, Newzealand

To a certain extent, medical practitioners have always been specialized. Specialization was common among Roman physicians. The particular system of modern medical specialties evolved gradually during the 19th century. Informal social recognition of medical specialization evolved before the formal legal system. The particular subdivision of the practice of medicine into various specialties varies from country to country, and is somewhat arbitrary. Currently, there is no single field of medicine or health care that represents the preferred approach to pain management. Indeed, the premise of pain management is that a highly multidisciplinary approach is essential. Pain management specialists are most commonly found in the following disciplines: Physiatry (also called Physical medicine and rehabilitation), Anesthesiology, Interventional radiology, Physical therapy. Specialists in psychology, psychiatry, behavioural science, and other areas may also play an important role in a comprehensive pain management program. Selection of the most appropriate type of health professional - or team of health professionals - largely depends on the patient's symptoms and the length of time the symptoms have been present.

A sleep expert or specialist is a medical doctor who has completed additional training and education in the field of sleep medicine. Sleep medicine focuses on sleep disorders, sleep and sleep-related conditions, and is a subspecialty within several medical specialties, including pulmonology, internal medicine, neurology and psychiatry.

Psychiatrists are medical doctors who are experts in mental health. Psychiatrists are medical doctors and they evaluate patients to determine whether their symptoms are the result of a physical illness, a combination of physical and mental ailments, or strictly psychiatric. A psychiatrist is a physician who specializes in psychiatry, the branch of medicine devoted to the study, diagnosis, prevention and treatment of mental disorders.

• Sleep Disorder Expert
• Sleep Medicine Expert

Snoring is the vibration of respiratory structures and the resulting sound due to obstructed air movement during breathing while sleeping. Snoring during sleep may be a sign, or first alarm, of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Snoring is the result of the relaxation of the uvula and soft palate.

ADHD is a highly genetic, brain-based syndrome that has to do with the regulation of a particular set of brain functions and related behaviors.  ADHD is caused by Brain Communication Differences, Genetics, Brain Communication Differences. Most effective treatment for ADHD is a combination of medication and therapy.

Sleep therapy is used to cure sleep disorders. There are more than 80 types of sleep disorders. And there are many therapies used which include psychotherapy, behaviour therapy, cognitive behavioural therapy, family therapy, paly therapy, occupational therapy, art therapy and many more.

• Art therapy
• Behaviour therapy
• Cognitive behavioural therapy
• Family therapy
• Psychotherapy

Sleep apnea is a serious sleep disorder that occurs when a person's breathing is interrupted during sleep. People with untreated sleep apnea stop breathing repeatedly during their sleep, sometimes hundreds of times. This means the brain -- and the rest of the body -- may not get enough oxygen.

There are two types of sleep apnea:

• Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA): The more common of the two forms of apnea, it is caused by a blockage of the airway, usually when the soft tissue in the back of the throat collapses during sleep.
• Central sleep apnea: Unlike OSA, the airway is not blocked, but the brain fails to signal the muscles to breathe, due to instability in the respiratory control center.

Sleep apnea can affect anyone at any age, even children. Risk factors for sleep apnea include:

• Being male
• Being overweight
• Being over age 40
• Having a large neck size (17 inches or greater in men and 16 inches or greater in women)
• Having large tonsils, a large tongue, or a small jaw bone
• Having a family history of sleep apnea
• Nasal obstruction due to a deviated septum, allergies, or sinusproblems

Sleep Disorder is a condition that as often as possible effects your capacity to get enough quality of sleep. While it's entirely expected to sporadically encounter difficulties in sleeping, it’s not normal to regularly have problems getting to sleep at night, to wake up feeling exhausted, or to feel sleepy during the day. Sleep disorders are characterized by abnormal sleep patterns that interfere with physical, mental, and emotional working. Stress or anxiety can cause a genuine night without sleep, as complete an assortment of different issues. Other common sleep disorders include sleep apnoea (loud snoring caused by an obstructed airway), sleepwalking, and narcolepsy (falling asleep spontaneously). Restless leg syndrome and bruxism (grinding of the teeth while sleeping) are conditions that also may contribute to sleep disorders.

• Causes of sleep Disorder
• Types of Sleep disorder
• Treatment
• Therapies
• Maintain Sleep-Wake Cycle
• Manage Biological Clock

Various neurology conferences are held all over the world like ICN 2020 in order to enhance and empower the knowledge of neuroscience. Addressing all areas pertinent to this endeavour concentrating on Novel therapeutics and Diagnostics at the cellular and molecular level.  There is a profound increase in the diagnostics procedure and drug discovery in the field of Neurology.

In order to accelerate the discovery of novel diagnostic therapy, the ICN 2020 encourages the gathering of researchers in order to discuss on the theme Stem cells in neurological disorder and treatment, Nerve injury and repair, Sleep disorders and headache, Neurogenesis, Neurotransmitter release and cell repair.

Neuropharmacology is the detailed study of how drugs influence cellular function in the nervous system and the neural system through which they influence behaviour. There are two branches of neuropharmacology behavioural and molecular. Behavioural mainly focuses on the study of how drugs that affects human behaviour (neuropsychopharmacology) including the study of how drug dependence and addiction affect the human brain. Molecular neuropharmacology involves the study of neurons and their neurochemical communication with the overall goal of developing drugs that have beneficial effects on neurological function.

• Anti-anxiety drugs
• Recent drug development
• Neuroimmuno pharmacology
• Neuro chemical interaction
• Latest advancement in neuropharmacologcal therapy
• Genome wide association studies
• Biochemical genetics

Neuroscience sometimes called as neural science, and it is one of the most specialized fields of medicine in the world. This field of drug focuses on the health of the nervous system including the brain and spinal cord. Neuroscience nurse is a nursing professional that advice patients suffering from neurological problems like injuries such as head and spinal trauma from accidents or disorder such as Parkinson’s disease, meningitis, encephalitis, epilepsy, and multiple sclerosis. Neuroscience nurses also effort with patients suffering from strokes and birth defects that have affected the nervous system.

• Neurosurgery
• Neurotrauma (brain and spinal cord injury)
• Neuroscience critical/intensive care
• Long-term neurological conditions (stroke, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s Disease, epilepsy)
• Life-limiting neurological conditions (motor neurone disease, Huntingdon’s disease)

 Neurology is a branch of medicine concerned with disorders of the nervous system. It deals with the detailed study and medication of all division of conditions and disorder involving the central and peripheral nervous systems, including their coverings, blood vessels and all effector tissue such as muscle. Neurological system relies heavily on the field of neuroscience, the scientific study of the nervous system. The doctor who specially designed in neurology is known as neurologist. The neurologist experienced to investigate or diagnose and treat a neurological disorder that affects the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Neurologists do not implement surgery if any patient requires surgery they refer to neurosurgeons.

• Central nervous system
• Peripheral nervous system
• General neurology
• Cerebrovascular disease
• Behavioural neurology

The abnormal cell growth and sudden reactions taking place from central nervous system results in brain tumour. Neuro-oncology is the study of brain and spinal cord neoplasms, which are very dangerous and life-threatening. Astrocytoma, glioblastoma, glioma, multiforme, ependymoma, pontine glioma, and brain stem tumours are some of the examples. Surgery may in some cases be the medicinal but malignant brain cancers turn to regenerate and emerge from absolution easily, especially highly malignant cases.

• Metastatic tumours
• Skull metastasis
• Spinal metastasis
• Peri-tumoral factors
• Morphological changes
• Blood-Brain barrier disruption (BBB)

Neuropathology is the study of pathology focused on the disease of the brain, spinal cord, and neural tissue. This consists of both central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. Neuropathologists usually work in a department of anatomic pathology for a diagnosis. Tissue analysis appears from either surgical biopsies or post mortem autopsies and this tissue samples include muscle fibbers and nervous tissue. It’s also related to forensic pathology because brain disease or brain injury can be related to brain death.

• Parkinson's disease
• Alzheimer's disease
• Dementia
• Huntington's disease
• Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
• Mitochondria disease
• Neural deterioration in the brain or spinal cord

Neurocardiology is the study of neurophysiological, neurological and neuroanatomical aspects of cardiology especially including the neurological origins of cardiac disorders. It also refers to the pathophysiological interplays of the nervous and cardiovascular systems.  The effects of stress on the heart are studied in terms of the heart's interactions with the two peripheral nervous system and central nervous system. Scientific issues in neurocardiology include hypoxic-ischemic brain injury, neurogenic stress cardiomyopathy, cerebral embolism and encephalopathy, neurologic sequelae of cardiac and thoracic surgery, cardiac interventions, and cardiovascular findings in patients with primary neurological disease.

A stroke is a "brain attack". It can appear to anyone at any time when poor blood flow to an area of brain and results in cell death. When this happens brain cells are dispossessed of oxygen and begin to die. When brain cells die during a stroke it controls ability by that area of the brain such as memory and muscle control is lost.

• Neurocardiac axis
• Arrhythmias
• Imbalance of autonomic neural inputs
• Changes in neural oscillations
• Neurogenic stress cardiomyopathy
• Cerebral embolism

Neurogenetic and neurometabolic abnormalities are disorders that affect how the brain functions. They occur in young children of all ages, races and genders. Neurogenetic disease is the umbrella term of chronic diseases which describe the brain abnormalities that occur following changes in the genes of the child and these cause certain brain cells to develop and function abnormally. In the case of neurometabolic abnormalities; these disorders result from problems in the enzymes of the body’s cells which are either unable to either use foods to produce the energy the cell needs, or get rid of the breakdown products of the foods used.

• Biochemical genetics
• Gene mutation and disease
• Neural engineering
• Genetic engineering and gene sequencing
• Cancer neurogenetics
• Huntington disease

Spine disorders occur in individuals irrespective of their age -spina bifida in infants to spinal stenosis in the elderly. Causes of spinal cord disorders include mainly injuries, infections, blocked blood supply, and compression by a fractured bone or a tumor. The boost in spinal disorders has been met with a leap in advancements in the diagnostic techniques. Endoscopic spine, MRI, X- rays CT and DEA are some of the generally used tools in diagnosing spinal disorders.

• Scoliosis
• Lumbar spinal stenosis
• Spina bifida
• Cauda equina syndrome
• Tumors

Psychiatry is the restorative forte committed to the determination, avoidance, and treatment of the mental issue. These incorporate different maladaptations identified with disposition, conduct, comprehension, and observations. Introductory mental appraisal of a man ordinarily starts with a case history and mental status detailed study. Psychology is the science of behaviour and minds which including conscious and unconscious conditions as well as thought and feeling. Physical detailed studys and mental tests might be directed examples like neuroimaging or other neurophysiological procedures are utilized.

• Psychology
• Types of psycho therapy
• Hypnotherapy
• Counselling and psychotherapy

Neurosurgery or neurological surgery is the medicinal specialty concerned with the prevention, detailed study, surgical treatment and improvement of disorders which affect any portion of the nervous system including the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and extra-cranial cerebrovascular system. A doctor who specializes in neurosurgery is known as Neurosurgeon they are not only brain surgeons, but they can medically trained neurosurgical specialists who can also help patients suffering from back and neck pain along with other illnesses ranging from trigeminal neuralgia to head injury and Parkinson's disease.

• Vascular neurosurgery
• Stereotactic neurosurgery/ functional neurosurgery
• Oncological neurosurgery
• Skull base surgery
• Spinal neurosurgery
• Pediatric neurosurgery

Neuromuscular disorders affect the nerves that control our own voluntary muscles. Voluntary muscles are the ones which we can control by our self like in your arms and legs. Your nerve cells also called as neurons, send the messages that control these muscles. When the neurons become delicate or die, communication between your nervous system and muscles breaks down.  As a result, your muscles weaken and waste away this weakness can lead to twitching, cramps, aches, pains, and joint and movement problems. Frequently it also affects heart function and your ability to breathe. More than a million people in the United States are affected by some form of neuromuscular disease, and about 40 percent of them are under age18.

• Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
• Multiple sclerosis
• Myasthenia gravis
• Spinal muscular atrophy

Pediatric neurology happens mostly in youngsters or teenagers. Neurology influences around 6 in 100,000 youngsters. Neurology in kids is of three essential sorts in whom two are ischemic neurology in which blockage of veins outcome in absence of blood stream and harm. At the point when a corridor is blocked, the term blood vessel ischemic neurology (AIS) is utilized. At the point when a vein is block, the term utilized is cerebral Sino venous thrombosis (CSVT). In the third shape, haemorrhagic neurology (HS), the vein crack as opposed to being blocked. The most known signs and side effects of neurology incorporate the sudden appearance of failing or deadness of the face, arm or leg, more often than not on one side of the body.

• Movement disorders (Cerebral paresis)
• Muscle diseases
• Lysosomal storage disease
• Development disorders
• Brain malformations